Retention force and stress distribution analysis of the cementless double crown-type implant-supported prosthesis.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Implant-supported fixed dental prostheses have been classified into screw-retained and cement-retained types, and each retaining type has complications. A novel retentive cementless double crown (CLD) type of the implant-supported fixed prosthesis has been developed. CLD has air pockets in the intaglio surface of the crown and does not require cement or a screw hole. However, studies on the retention force and stress distribution of the system are lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the retention force and stress distribution in the CLD system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The specimen comprised an implant, a titanium abutment, and a zirconia crown. Retention forces of 10 specimens of the CLD type were measured at no loading and after cyclic loading for 50, 100, 200, 600, 10 000, and 1 000 000 cycles by using a universal testing machine with a custom attachment device. Forty specimens of the stress distribution test were divided into 4 groups based on the retention type (cement-retained or CLD type) and load direction (vertical or oblique). Strain gauges were attached onto the buccal and lingual sides of the implant, and microstrain values were measured. One-way analysis of variance with the post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference test was performed on the retention force data, and the t test was performed to analyze the microstrain value data (α=.05). RESULTS: Retention forces after 0, 50, 100, 200, 600, 10 000, and 1 000 000 load cycles were 18.12 ±6.16 N, 20.47 ±5.78 N, 19.79 ±6.61 N, 18.46 ±5.23 N, 19.60 ±6.93 N, 21.75 ±5.03 N, and 40.91 ±9.32 N, respectively, and after 1 000 000 cycles, the retention force was significantly higher than that of other load cycles (P<.05). The mean of maximum microstrain values under the vertical load were similar in the cement-retained type (buccal side, 834.96 ±53.69 µm/m; lingual side, 490.76 ±34.12 µm/m) and the CLD type (buccal side, 814.28 ±71.20 µm/m; lingual side, 479.10 ±30.74) (P>.05), and the mean of maximum microstrain values under the oblique load was also similar in the cement-retained type (buccal side, 1991.04 ±109.89 µm/m; lingual side, -2232.41 ±189.88) and the CLD type (buccal side, 1932.47 ±152.51 µm/m; lingual side, -2097.47 ±130.69 µm/m) (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: The CLD type had clinically acceptable retention during 1 000 000 load cycles and had a similar or better stress distribution capability than the cement-retained type.

A novel retentive type of dental implant prosthesis: marginal fitness of the cementless double crown type implant prosthesis evaluated by bacterial penetration and viability.

PURPOSE: This study aims to compare the marginal fitness of two types of implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis, i.e., cementless fixation (CL.F) system and cement-retained type. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In each group, ten specimens were assessed. Each specimen comprised implant lab analog, titanium abutment fabricated with a 2-degree tapered axial wall, and zirconia crown. The crown of the CL.F system was retained by frictional force between abutment and relined composite resin. In the cement-retained type, zinc oxide eugenol cement was used to set crown and abutment. All specimens were sterilized with ethylene oxide, immersed in Prevotella intermedia culture in a 50 mL tube, and incubated with rotation. After 48 h, the specimens were washed thoroughly before separating the crown and abutment. The bacteria that penetrated into the crown-abutment interface were collected by washing with 500 µL of sterile saline. The bacterial cell number was quantified using the agar plate count technique. The BacTiter-Glo Microbial Cell Viability Assay Kit was used to measure bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-bioluminescence, which reflects the bacterial viability. The t-test was performed, and the significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The number of penetrating bacterial cells assessed by colony-forming units was approximately 33% lower in the CL.F system than in the cement-retained type (P<.05). ATP-bioluminescence was approximately 41% lower in the CL.F system than in the cement-retained type (P<.05). CONCLUSION: The CL.F system is more resistant to bacterial penetration into the abutment-crown interface than the cement-retained type, thereby indicating a precise marginal fit.

Setting the Sagittal Condylar Inclination on a Virtual Articulator Using Intraoral Scan of Protrusive Interocclusal Position and Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

The articulator is a prerequisite device for the analysis of occlusion and prosthodontic treatment, and it is required to simulate patient jaw movements. This article describes the technique to obtain sagittal condylar inclination (SCI) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data and intraoral scan of the protrusive interocclusal position. The SCI can be used on a virtual articulator in a computer-aided design software, and it can assist in the fabrication of prosthesis which is harmonious with the mandibular movement of individual patient.

Virtual diagnostics and guided tooth preparation for the minimally invasive rehabilitation of a patient with extensive tooth wear: A validation of a digital workflow.

The recent evolution of digital technologies in dentistry has enabled virtual 3D diagnostic analysis of a dentition before treatment, allowing for virtual, minimally invasive treatment planning. In this report, an extensively worn dentition was 3D virtual analyzed at an increased vertical dimension of occlusion. Virtual waxing (exocad DentalCAD; Exocad) and subsequent analysis of the need for minimally invasive preparations were performed. Areas of each tooth without adequate clearance for the minimal thickness of a definitive restoration (set at 1.5 mm in the software), including the amount of tooth substance to be removed (GOM Inspect; GOM), were visualized in color. A preparation guide was virtually designed according to this diagnostic plan (3-matic; Materialise) and 3D printed (Connex3 Objet260; Stratasys) from resin (VeroMagenta RGD851; Stratasys). The teeth were minimally prepared using the guide, and the amount of preparation was validated by superimposing the scan of the prepared model on the initial scan and comparing it with the diagnostic plan.

Combining Conventional Impressions and Intraoral Scans: A Technique for the Treatment of Complete Denture Patients with Flabby Tissue.

The conventional method for impressions of flabby tissue uses modified trays and highly flowable materials, but mucostatic impressions are difficult to achieve due to the viscous and the elastic natures of impression materials. In this report, a technique is presented in which conventional impression and intraoral scanning for a fully edentulous patient with flabby tissue are combined. The definitive impression was obtained by applying appropriate pressure to each tissue area, and the denture can be maintained passively and stable at rest and during function.

Comparing accuracy of denture bases fabricated by injection molding, CAD/CAM milling, and rapid prototyping method.

PURPOSE: The accuracy of denture bases was compared among injection molding, milling, and rapid prototyping (RP) fabricating method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The maxillary edentulous master cast was fabricated and round shaped four notches were formed. The cast was duplicated to ten casts and scanned. In the injection molding method, designed denture bases were milled from a wax block and fabricated using SR Ivocap injection system. Denture bases were milled from a pre-polymerized block in the milling method. In the RP method, denture bases were printed and post-cured. The intaglio surface of the base was scanned and surface matching software was used to measure inaccuracy. Measurements were performed between four notches and two points in the mid-palatal suture to evaluate inaccuracy. The palatine rugae resolution was evaluated. One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis at α=.05. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in distances among four notches (P>.05). The accuracy of the injection molding method was lower than those of the other methods in two points of the mid-palatal suture significantly (P<.05). The degree of palatine rugae resolution was significantly higher in the injection molding method than that in other methods (P<.05). CONCLUSION: The overall accuracy of the denture base is higher in milling and RP method than the injection molding method. The degree of fine reproducibility is higher in the injection molding method than the milling or RP method.

A CAD-CAM device for preparing guide planes for removable partial dentures: A dental technique.

To ensure stability and prevent harmful forces, proximal guide planes and those for reciprocation arms should be accurately prepared during mouth preparation for removable partial dentures. A device to guide accurate proximal and reciprocal guide planes was designed and fabricated by using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM).

Precise Reproduction of Soft Tissue Structure around the Pontic Area Using Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing.

Reproducing soft tissue contours around a pontic area is important for the fabrication of an esthetic prosthesis, especially in the anterior area. A gingival model that precisely replicates the soft tissue structure around the pontic area can be easily obtained by taking a pick-up impression of an interim fixed dental prosthesis. After a working cast is fabricated using the customary technique, the pick-up model is superimposed onto the working model for the pontic area using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM). A definitive restoration using this technique would be well adapted to the pontic base, which is formed by the interim prosthesis.

Effects of cementless fixation of implant prosthesis: A finite element study.

PURPOSE: A novel retentive type of implant prosthesis that does not require the use of cement or screw holes has been introduced; however, there are few reports examining the biomechanical aspects of this novel implant. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical features of cementless fixation (CLF) implant prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The test groups of three variations of CLF implant prostheses and a control group of conventional cement-retained (CR) prosthesis were designed three-dimensionally for finite element analysis. The test groups were divided according to the abutment shape and the relining strategy on the inner surface of the implant crown as follows; resin-air hole-full (RAF), resin-air hole (RA), and resin-no air hole (RNA). The von Mises stress and principal stress were used to evaluate the stress values and distributions of the implant components. Contact open values were calculated to analyze the gap formation of the contact surfaces at the abutment-resin and abutment-implant interfaces. The micro-strain values were evaluated for the surrounding bone. RESULTS: Values reflecting the maximum stress on the abutment were as follows (in MPa): RAF, 25.6; RA, 23.4; RNA, 20.0; and CR, 15.8. The value of gap formation was measured from 0.88 to 1.19 µm at the abutmentresin interface and 24.4 to 24.7 µm at the abutment-implant interface. The strain distribution was similar in all cases. CONCLUSION: CLF had no disadvantages in terms of the biomechanical features compared with conventional CR implant prosthesis and could be successfully applied for implant prosthesis.

The Association Between the Number of Natural Remaining Teeth and Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass in Korean Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between the number of remaining natural teeth (NRT) and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in older adults. METHODS: This study was based on data from the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. The participants were 2,378 older participants (984 men and 1,394 women) aged over 65 years. Survey dentists conducted oral health examinations, and ASM was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: The participants with NRT≥20 had more ASM and SMI than those with NRT<20 in both sexes. SMI was correlated with NRT in men (r=0.018, p<0.001) and in women (r=-0.007, p<0.001). The positive correlation between the NRT and SMI remained significant in men even after adjusting for age, marital status, income, smoking, drinking, physical activity, protein intake, energy intake, calcium intake, body mass index, fasting blood glucose level, medications, and prostheses (ß=0.011, p=0.001). In women, the correlation disappeared after adjustment for smoking, alcohol, physical activity, protein intake, energy intake, calcium intake, marital status, income, fasting basal glucose, medication administration, and prostheses. CONCLUSION: This study showed a correlation between NRT and SMI in those ≥65 years of age in Korea. The relationship persisted in men, but not in women, even after adjusting for confounders.

Mouthguards and their use in sports: Report of the 1st International Sports Dentistry Workshop, 2016.

There appears to be much confusion or misinformation worldwide regarding mouthguards and their use in sports. In an effort to clarify where the international dental community stands on mouthguards and mouthguard research, the workshop looked at some important questions. The goal was to one day formulate consensus statements related to these questions, which will be based on current scientific evidence-based research, to motivate the international community of the importance of dentally fitted laminated mouthguards and the wearing of them by athletes of all sports. There are only five sports in the United States that require the use of mouthguards. If, through workshops such as this, the importance of wearing dentally fitted laminated mouthguards can be demonstrated, then more sports may require their athletes to wear them.

Stress analysis of mandibular implant overdenture with locator and bar/clip attachment: Comparative study with differences in the denture base length.

PURPOSE: The design of the attachment must provide an optimum stress distribution around the implant. In this study, for implant overdentures with a bar/clip attachment or a locator attachment, the stress transmitted to the implant in accordance with the change in the denture base length and the vertical pressure was measured and analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Test model was created with epoxy resin. The strain gauges made a tight contact with implant surfaces. A universal testing machine was used to exert a vertical pressure on the mandibular implant overdenture and the strain rate of the implants was measured. RESULTS: Means and standard deviations of the maximum micro-deformation rates were determined. 1) Locator attachment: The implants on the working side generally showed higher strain than those on the non-working side. Tensile force was observed on the mesial surface of the implant on the working side, and the compressive force was applied to the buccal surface and on the surfaces of the implant on the non-working side. 2) Bar/clip attachment: The implants on the both non-working and working sides showed high strain; all surfaces except the mesial surface of the implant on the non-working side showed a compressive force. CONCLUSION: To minimize the strain on implants in mandibular implant overdentures, the attachment of the implant should be carefully selected and the denture base should be extended as much as possible.

A Method for Minimizing Rotational Errors of Implant Prostheses.

PURPOSE: Rotational errors of implants can occur during two stages: when connecting impression copings with implants, and when connecting impression copings with analogs. The aim of this study was to determine ways to minimize these rotational errors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of implants were prepared: a tissue-level implant with an internal octagon 8-degree Morse taper connection, a bone-level implant with an internal hex 11-degree Morse taper connection, and a bone-level implant with an external hex connection. Each complex (n = 10 per group) was composed of an implant, an impression coping, and an analog. Implants were embedded in resin blocks and connected with corresponding impression copings. Analogs that reproduced the position of the implants were created by means of a custom-made transfer jig, and rotational errors were measured between implants and analogs. Impression copings and analogs were connected by means of four methods: The impression coping was connected to the implant in a clockwise (CW) or a counterclockwise (CCW) direction before tightening, and the analogs were then connected with impression copings and tightened using a hemostat (Hs) or by hand (Hd). RESULTS: The CW-Hs and CCW-Hd groups exhibited low rotational error (mean ± standard deviation 0.11 ± 0.21 and 0.19 ± 0.34 degrees, respectively), whereas the CW-Hd and CCW-Hs groups exhibited high rotational error (-1.80 ± 0.67 and 2.07 ± 0.75, respectively) in different directions. A strong association was observed between the tightening method and rotational error, and a weak association was observed between the connection type and rotational error. CONCLUSION: The CW-Hs method was found to be the most suitable for minimizing rotational error between implants and analogs.

Comparative Analysis of Screw Loosening With Prefabricated Abutments and Customized CAD/CAM Abutments.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the stability of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and prefabricated abutment by measuring removal torque before and after cyclic loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of fixture and 2 types of abutments were used. Removable torque was measured after cyclic loading for 5000 cycles between 25 and 250 N for each group. The same procedure was performed twice. RESULTS: First, removal torque values (Newton centimeter) were measured for stock versus custom abutments as follows: group 1: 27.17 versus 26.67, group 2: 26.27 versus 26.33, and group 3: 37.33 versus 36.67. Second removal torque values (Newton centimeter) were also measured: group 1: 23 versus 23.5, group 2: 22.5 versus 22.33, and group 3: 32.67 versus 32.5. There was no significant difference between the stock and custom abutments in either the first or second removal torque values and also no significant difference among initial tightening torque, first or second removal torque (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: With precise control of CAD/CAM abutments, good screw joint stability can be achieved.

Prosthetic management of a growing patient with Russell-Silver syndrome: a clinical report.

Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS) is a congenital disease characterized by short stature due to growth hormone deficiency, physical asymmetry, inverted triangular face, micrognathia, prominent forehead, and hypodontia. This case report presents a prosthetic management of a 6-year-old patient with Russell-Silver syndrome treated with overdentures on the maxilla and the mandible using the remaining primary teeth. Subsequent and comprehensive dental management considering the growth and development of a young patient will be necessary.

Accurate transfer of soft tissue morphology with interim prosthesis to definitive cast.

With conventional fixed dental prostheses, the interim restoration is a valuable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of esthetics and function. To achieve predictable definitive esthetic results, information about the subgingival and the supragingival contour of a properly designed restoration should be communicated to the dental laboratory technician. The technique described enables the accurate transfer of the soft tissue morphology developed with an interim prosthesis to the definitive cast. This modified definitive cast allows the dental laboratory technician to fabricate a restoration with an emergence profile identical to that of the interim prosthesis.

Prosthetic rehabilitation of a cleidocranial dysplasia patient with vertical maxillofacial deficiency: a clinical report.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by skeletal and dental anomalies. This clinical report describes the prosthodontic approach to treating a CCD patient who presented with decreased facial height and relative mandibular protrusion due to maxillary hypoplasia after orthodontic treatment. Functional and esthetic rehabilitation was achieved using telescopic detachable prostheses in the maxilla and osseointegrated implants and metal-ceramic fixed dental prostheses in the mandible. These treatment approaches precluded the need for orthognathic surgical correction and presented a favorable prognosis during the 5-year observation period.

Prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient with unilateral dislocated condyle fracture after treatment with a mandibular repositioning splint: a clinical report.

This clinical report describes the use of a mandibular repositioning splint and the subsequent prosthodontic treatment of a unilateral dislocated condyle fracture for a patient whose injury resulted in significant mandibular deviation and malocclusion. The use of a mandibular repositioning splint considerably reduced the mandibular deviation, and a stable mandibular position was maintained with the definitive prosthesis.

ZrO2 surface chemically coated with hyaluronic acid hydrogel loading GDF-5 for osteogenesis in dentistry.

The objective of this study was to modify zirconium dioxide (ZrO(2)) with photo-cured hyaluronic acid hydrogel (pcHAgel), and to subsequently evaluate the bone regeneration potential of the modified ZrO(2). In the present study, HA grafted onto a ZrO(2) substrate was investigated for its biocompatibility and other properties. We describe the positive influences of ZrO(2) surface-modified with pcHAgel (Zr-3) containing two different loads of growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) to aid new bone formation as compared to the same amount of BMP-2 (Zr-4-7). We characterized the Zr-3 for their surface morphology and chemical properties. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the pcHAgel was successfully grafted onto the ZrO(2) surface. The sustained release of GDF-5 and BMP-2 were observed to occur in the Zr-4-7. In vitro cell tests showed a higher level of MG63 cell proliferation and differentiation on Zr-4-7 than on Zr-3. The Zr-3 is a good biomaterial to deliver osteogenic differentiation factors such as BMP-2 and GDF-5, and GDF-5 can be useful as an effective alternative to aid new bone formation as compared to BMP-2.

The effects of mouthguards on the athletic ability of professional golfers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of stabilization splints and mouthguards on the athletic ability of professional golfers. For this study, eight professional golfers with a mean age of 20.5 were selected. These participants performed four trials of 10 driver swings and 10 putts with or without a stabilization splint (control group) or mouthguard. For the 4th trial, the splints were adjusted using a simple blind test so that the participants were unaware of the unilateral molar contact. The drive distance, club head speed, initial ball speed, and putting accuracy were compared and analyzed before and after the application of equal bilateral molar occlusion. When the bilateral molar occlusion was applied using a mouthguard or stabilization splint, the club head speed and driving distance in the presence of the oral appliances were significantly increased compared with those without the presence of either appliance (P < 0.05). Alternatively, the initial ball speed and putting accuracy in the presence of these appliances were increased compared with those without the presence of an appliance; however, this effect was not statistically significant. When the mouthguards or stabilization splints were adjusted to result in unilateral molar occlusion, the club head speed and driving distance in the presence of the appliances were significantly decreased compared with those that were obtained without these appliances (P < 0.05). The initial ball speed and the putting accuracy were not affected by the use of the appliances. No difference was observed in the effectiveness of the stabilization splint and mouthguard when bilateral molar occlusion was performed. The occlusion stability that results from stabilization splints and mouthguards is thought to increase the club head speed and driving distance in professional golf players.